For the one who discerns, everything is suffering due to the pain of change, anxiety, and latent impressions, and due to the conflict between the guṇas.

This sutra expresses a central truth: for one who has developed viveka (discernment), even pleasure reveals itself as a source of suffering.

Pariṇāma-duḥkha: the pain of change. All pleasure is impermanent; its loss causes pain.

Tāpa-duḥkha: anxiety. Even while enjoying, we fear losing what we have.

Saṃskāra-duḥkha: impressions. Each experience leaves traces that perpetuate the cycle of desire.

Guṇavṛtti-virodha: the constant conflict between sattva, rajas, and tamas creates inherent instability in all experience.

This vision is not pessimism, but clarity that motivates the search for liberation.